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PPEFE

Advanced English

Separate from the business modules. The advanced book: articles, conditionals, modals, relatives, participles, inversion, the subjunctive, concession, and clefts, then the later tenses, mixed conditionals, wish, modal perfects, reported speech, the causative, and noun clauses.

0 of 19 points closed

  1. 1. ArticlesUse a or an when you introduce one countable thing. Use the when both sides already know which one. Use no article for the idea in general. An comes before a vowel sound: an owner, an audit.22 min
  2. 2. ConditionalsA real future uses if plus the present, then will. An unreal present uses if plus the past, then would, and were for a hypothetical I. A past that did not happen uses had plus the past participle, then would have. Do not put would in the if clause.24 min
  3. 3. ModalsA modal is followed by the base verb, never by to, and never by -ing. Must is a rule. Should is advice. Might is a weak possibility. Could is ability or a weak possibility. Do not stack them.22 min
  4. 4. Relative clausesWho is for people. Which is for things. Whose marks possession. A defining clause has no commas and tells you which one. An extra clause has commas and only adds a fact about someone already named.24 min
  5. 5. Participle clausesThe subject of the participle is the subject of the next clause. Written describes something that received the action. Having plus a past participle puts one action before another. If the note did not do the action, the note cannot be the subject.22 min
  6. 6. InversionAfter a negative or limiting opener such as never, not only, or little, the auxiliary comes before the subject. Were we to wait is the inverted form of if we were to wait. The meaning does not change. The order does.24 min
  7. 7. The subjunctiveAfter suggest, recommend, insist, and after essential or vital, the grammar-book form uses the base verb: send, be, see. No -s, and no to. Everyday English often adds -s. This point asks for the book form.22 min
  8. 8. ConcessionAlthough, even though, and whereas already mark the contrast. Do not add but or so in the same sentence. Whereas sets two facts side by side. Even though marks a contrast that is surprising.22 min
  9. 9. Cleft sentencesA cleft splits the sentence so one piece is loud. It is plus the piece plus that or who. What plus a clause plus is names the thing you need. Who is for a person. That is for a thing. What does not follow it is.22 min
  10. 10. Future continuousWill be plus -ing is an action in progress at a future moment. This time tomorrow she will be working. The question is will plus the subject plus be plus -ing.20 min
  11. 11. Future perfectWill have plus the past participle is an action finished before a future point. By Friday she will have sent the note. By names the deadline the action is complete before.20 min
  12. 12. Future perfect continuousWill have been plus -ing stresses the length of an activity up to a future point. By June she will have been working here for a year. The length marker is for or since, not a closed day such as yesterday.20 min
  13. 13. Past perfect continuousHad been plus -ing is a longer activity leading up to an earlier past moment. She had been working for an hour when I called. Called is the past simple. The length sits with the had been form.20 min
  14. 14. Mixed conditionalsA past cause with a present result uses if plus had plus the participle, then would plus the base. If she had sent the note, we would be ready now. Would have belongs to a past result, not to a result that is true now.22 min
  15. 15. Wish and if onlyWish about a present that is not true uses the past form: I wish I knew. Wish about a past regret uses had plus the participle: I wish I had known. If only follows the same pattern. Do not use the present after wish for a wish about now.20 min
  16. 16. Modal perfectsA modal plus have plus the past participle looks back. Should have is a past duty that was missed. Must have is a strong guess about the past. Might have is a weak guess. The participle is required.20 min
  17. 17. Reported speechWhen the reporting verb is past, the tense often steps back. She said that she was ready. Tell needs a person: she told me. Said does not take a person without to. A command is tell plus object plus to plus the base.22 min
  18. 18. The causativeHave or get plus an object plus the past participle means someone else does the work. She had the note translated. Get is a little less formal. The base form after have is not this pattern.20 min
  19. 19. Noun clausesA clause can be the object of a verb. After know, wonder, or ask, the word order stays subject then verb. I know that she left. I do not know where she is. Do not keep question order inside the clause.20 min