Advanced English · 24 min
Inversion
The point
After a negative or limiting opener such as never, not only, or little, the auxiliary comes before the subject. Were we to wait is the inverted form of if we were to wait. The meaning does not change. The order does.
Form and use
After a negative or limiting opener, the auxiliary comes before the subject. The rest of the sentence keeps normal order. This is formal, but the pattern is fixed. If there is no auxiliary, use do, does, or did.
Openers that force inversion: Never have we delayed a warning. Rarely does she miss a date. Seldom had they seen such a gap. Little did he know the risk. Not only did she flag it, but she moved it. No sooner had we sent it than they replied. Hardly had I sat down when the call came. Under no circumstances should you share the file. Not until Monday did the note arrive. Not until takes inversion in the main clause, not in the until-clause.
Conditionals can drop if and invert. Were I the editor, I would send it. Had I known, I would have waited. Should you need help, call me. Were I replaces if I were. Had I known replaces if I had known. Should you need replaces if you should need. Do not add if back in, and do not use a normal subject-verb order after these openers.
Without the opener, do not invert. We have never delayed a warning is the ordinary sentence. Never we have delayed is missing the auxiliary move. Not only she flagged it is also wrong: not only needs did, or another auxiliary, before the subject. Keep than after no sooner, and when after hardly.
Don't translate it like this
Don't say
Never we have delayed a warning.
Say
Never have we delayed a warning.
우리는 경고를 미룬 적이 없습니다.
Never at the front forces the auxiliary in front of the subject.
Short examples
Never have we delayed a warning.
우리는 경고를 미룬 적이 없습니다.
Not only did she flag it, she moved it.
그녀는 그것을 짚었을 뿐 아니라 옮겼습니다.
Were we to wait, the hazard would grow.
기다린다면 위험이 커질 것입니다.
Rarely does she miss a date.
그녀가 날짜를 놓치는 일은 드뭅니다.
Little did he know the risk.
그는 위험을 거의 알지 못했습니다.
Not only did she flag it, but she moved it.
그녀는 그것을 표시했을 뿐 아니라 옮겼습니다.
No sooner had we sent it than they replied.
우리가 보내자마자 그들이 답했습니다.
Under no circumstances should you share the file.
어떤 경우에도 파일을 공유하면 안 됩니다.
Had I known, I would have waited.
알았더라면 기다렸을 것입니다.
Should you need help, call me.
도움이 필요하면 전화하십시오.
Questions
Every question has to be right to close this point.
Answer every question, then check.